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This paper tackles the interplay of various semantic and pragmatic features underlying differential P indexing (aka optional object marking) in a Bantu language. In our corpus-based case study on Ruuli, we show that P indexing is strongly predictable by textual givenness. Secondly, if the referent is given, the probability that it gets indexed is significantly higher if it is human.
Erika Just & Alena Witzlack-Makarevich. 2022. A corpus-based analysis of P indexing in Ruuli (Bantu, JE103). South African Journal of African Languages 42(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2022.2094083